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Routing

Routing Information Protocol - RIP

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector routing protocol that is commonly used in small to medium-sized networks. It is one of the oldest routing protocols still in use today,...

Windows Workstations (XP, 7, 8, 10, 11)

How to View Hidden Files and Folders In Windows...

Windows 8 & 8.1 hides two types of files so that normally, you do not see them while exploring your computer. The first type is the files or folders with their 'H' attribute set to make them hi...

Ethernet Protocol, CSMA/CD, Collisions

Manchester Signal Encoding

The device driver software receives a frame of IP, IPX, NetBIOS, or other higher-layer protocol data. From this data, the device driver constructs a frame, with appropriate Ethernet header informat...

Network Protocols

Understanding VPN IPSec Tunnel Mode and IPSec T...

IPSec’s protocol objective is to provide security services for IP packets such as encrypting sensitive data, authentication, protection against replay and data confidentiality. As outlined in our ...

Cisco Routers

Configuring Dynamic NAT (NAT Overload) On A Cis...

NAT (Network Address Translation) is a method that allows the translation (modification) of IP addresses while packets/datagrams are traversing the network. Dynamic NAT enables multiple internal ho...

Ethernet Protocol, CSMA/CD, Collisions

The Ethernet II Frame Format

The following is a description of the frame format described by the original Ethernet Version II specification as released by DEC, Intel, and Xerox. Like the 802.3 spec, the Version II spec defines...

Windows Workstations (XP, 7, 8, 10, 11)

How to Enable Master Control Panel or Enable Go...

Around 2007, an undocumented feature of Windows, called the God Mode, was published outside of documentation provided by Microsoft. This is the Windows Master Control Panel shortcut. Bloggers named...

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

Spanning Tree Protocol – Part 3: Bridge ID, Pri...

In this article we will examine the Spanning Tree Bridge ID structure, explain why it has increments of 4096, how VLAN information is embedded (for Per-VLAN Spanning Tree & multiple STP instanc...

TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis

TCP Header Anaylsis - Section 1: TCP Source & D...

This section contains one of the most well-known fields in the TCP header, the Source and Destination port numbers. These fields are used to specify the application or services offered on local or ...

Cisco Switches

Resolving Cisco Switch & Router ‘DHCP Server Po...

In previous articles, we showed how it is possible to configure a Cisco router or Catalyst switch to provide DHCP server services to network clients. Everything usually works without a problem, how...

VLAN Networks

VLAN Security - Making the Most of VLANs

It's easy to see why virtual LANs have become extremely popular on networks of all sizes. In practical terms, multiple VLANs are pretty much the same as having multiple separate physical networks w...

Windows Servers

How to Enable ‘Web Server’ Certificate Template...

In this article we will show you how to enable the ‘Web Server’ certificate template option on a Windows Certification Authority (Windows CA) Server. The Web Server option is usually not pres...